Hazrat Umar ibn al-Khattab (RA), also known as Umar al-Farooq, was the second Caliph of Islam and one of the closest companions of Prophet Muhammad ï·º. He is remembered as a symbol of justice, strength, and piety in Islamic history.
Here’s a detailed overview of his life:
Early Life
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Born around 584 CE in Makkah.
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Belonged to the respected Banu Adi clan of Quraysh.
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Known for his tall stature, strength, courage, and sharp intellect.
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Before Islam, he was feared for his toughness but respected for his fairness.
Acceptance of Islam
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Initially, a strong opponent of Islam and Muslims.
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On his way to harm Prophet Muhammad ï·º, he was informed that his own sister Fatimah bint al-Khattab (RA) and brother-in-law had embraced Islam.
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After hearing verses from Surah Taha, his heart softened, and he accepted Islam in 616 CE.
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His conversion was a turning point—Muslims began praying openly in Makkah without fear.
Close Companion of Prophet Muhammad ï·º
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Known as al-Farooq (the one who distinguishes truth from falsehood), a title given by the Prophet ï·º.
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Stood firmly by the Prophet ï·º in battles, decisions, and governance.
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Migrated to Madinah openly, unlike others who migrated secretly—such was his courage.
As the Second Caliph (634–644 CE)
After the death of Abu Bakr (RA), Hazrat Umar (RA) became the second Caliph of Islam. His rule lasted for about 10 years, and it is considered the golden era of Islamic governance.
Major Achievements
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Expansion of the Islamic Empire
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Conquered vast regions, including:
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Persia (Iran, Iraq)
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Byzantine territories (Syria, Egypt, Jerusalem)
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Brought powerful empires under Islamic rule.
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Administrative Reforms
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Established the Bayt al-Mal (public treasury).
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Introduced judicial systems, police, and welfare programs.
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Started the Islamic calendar (Hijri calendar).
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Introduced salaries for soldiers and state officials.
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Justice and Governance
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Known for his extreme justice and accountability.
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Often patrolled streets at night to check people’s welfare.
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Famous statement:
“If a dog dies hungry on the banks of the Euphrates, Umar will be responsible.”
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Society and Welfare
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Established schools, hospitals, and roads.
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Implemented systems for widows, orphans, and the poor.
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Strengthened consultation (Shura) in decision-making.
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Death
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In 644 CE (23 AH), while leading Fajr prayer in Masjid an-Nabawi, Umar (RA) was attacked by a Persian slave, Abu Lu’lu’ (Feroz).
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He was fatally wounded and passed away after three days.
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Buried beside Prophet Muhammad ï·º and Abu Bakr (RA) in Madinah.
Legacy
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Remembered as one of the greatest rulers in history.
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His justice, simplicity, and service to humanity became a model for all Islamic leaders.
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Expanded Islam from Arabia into the heart of two great empires (Byzantine & Persian).
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His governance laid the foundation for the Islamic Golden Age.
⚔️ Titles:
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Al-Farooq – The one who distinguishes truth from falsehood.
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Ameer al-Mu’mineen – Leader of the Believers.